Regnbäddar med svampkultur

Hanteringen av dagvatten i städer är ett växande problem på grund av städers utbredning och dess hårdgjorda markmaterial samt på grund av klimatförändringar som i framtiden spås göra regntillfällen mer intensiva. Dessa förändringar lägger högre belastning på våra dagvattensystem. En åtgärd som används mer och mer i städer är att anlägga regnbäddar för att fördröja och minska mängden dagvattnet som behöver ledas bort. Dessa regnbäddar har också förmågan att rena dagvatten och det sker främst igenom filtrering och sedimentering. Det här projektet går ut på att undersöka om det går att etablera svamp i regnbäddar för att utnyttja svampars förmåga att bryta ner föroreningar. I projektet testas ostronskivlingens förmåga att etablera sig i regnbäddsubstrat med olika blandningar av träspån och hur infiltrationskapaciteten påverkas av den eventuella tillväxten. Testet utfördes i en uppsättning av 35 genomskinliga plastkrukor som rymmer 1,5 liter vardera. I varje kruka användes 2 dl mycelmix och 10 dl substratmix. Efter 21 dagar var alla 100% koloniserade. För att få användbara mätresultat på både infiltration och myceltillväxt var det nödvändigt att använda två olika metoder vid anläggandet. Den ena metoden som vi kallar ”skikt”, där mycelet applicerades i ett heltäckande lager, användes för att kunna se mycelets tillväxt från dag 1. Metoden ”skikt” förhindrar dock från att få bra mätvärden för infiltrationskapaciteten då skikt av hydrofobiskt mycel skapas i mitten av krukan. Därför användes även ytterligare en metod som vi kallar ”cylinder”, där mycelet i stället applicerades i form av en cylinder som lämnade ett utrymme av rent substrat mellan krukans kant och mycelet. Testets resultat: • Det går att etablera ostronskivling i regnbäddssubstrat. • Tillväxten är endast marginellt snabbare i blandningar med högre halt träspån. Tillväxten var dock snabbast i blandningen som består av 50% regnbäddssubstrat och 50% sågspån. Denna skillnad som observerats kan bero på andra faktorer som vattenhalt med mera och inte nödvändigtvis bero på mängden träspån i substratet. • Högre halt träspån ger tätare hyfer (myceltrådar) vilket påverkar infiltrationskapaciteten negativt. Om det skulle visa sig att odling av ostronskivling var ett effektivt sätt att rena regnbäddar och dagvatten är det ekonomiskt försvarbart då det skulle vara både billigt och enkelt att applicera på plats och metoden i sig är inte heller en miljöbelastning. Det skulle till exempel kunna gå att ta ut borrkärnor i en redan anlagd regnbädd som sedan fylls med mycel. Detta är endast en liten studie och resultaten bör därför endast ses som indikationer. Dessa resultat kan dock användas för att utvärdera hur man kan lägga upp ytterligare experiment för att testa om det går att använda sig av svampar i regnbäddar för att rena dagvatten.Management of stormwater in cities is a growing problem due to the exploration of larger areas and the impenetrable surfaces they bring as well as climate changes which in the future predicts more intensive rainfalls. These changes will put higher strain onto our stormwater systems. One measure that is being used more frequently in cities is to construct raingardens to slow down and lessen the amount of water that needs to be lead off. These raingardens also have the ability to clean stormwater, this is done mainly through filtration and sedimentation. This project aims to investigate the possibilities to establish mushrooms in raingardens for its abilities to break down pollutants. In this project oyster mushrooms are being tested for its abilities to colonize raingarden substrates with variable amounts of sawdust and how potential mushroom growth would impact the infiltration capacity. The test was performed in 35 see-through plastic pots with a volume of 1,5 liters. Each pot was prepared with 2 dl mycelium and 10 dl substrate mix. After 21 days all of the pots were 100% colonized. To be able to get usable test results for both infiltration and mycelium growth it was necessary to use two different sets of methods when applying the mycelium. In the first method known as “skikt” (“layer”) the mycelium is applied in a vertical layer. This method is used to be able to see the mycelium growth from day one. But this layer method prevents the possibilities to get a true infiltration value since they layer of mycelium will create a hydrophobic layer in the middle of the pot. Therefor a second method was used called “cylinder”. In the “cylinder” method the mycelium was instead applied as a cylinder leaving space of pure substrate mix between the edge of the pot and the mycelium. Test results: • It is possible to establish oyster mushrooms in raingarden substrates. • Growth is only marginally faster in substrate with higher amounts of sawdust. Though growth was fastest in the substrate mix containing 50% raingarden substrates and 50% sawdust. These differences that were noticed could be dependent on other factors such as moisture content etc. and not necessarily a result of the amount of sawdust. • Higher concentration of sawdust will give denser hyphae’s (mycelium threads) that will affect the infiltration capacity negatively. If growing oyster mushrooms would prove to be an effective way to clean raingardens and stormwater, then it would be economically justifiably as this method would be cheap and easy to use on site and the methods do not cause a strain on the environment. As an example, it would be possible to take out drill cores from existing raingardens and fill them with mycelium. This is only a small study, and the results can therefor only be seen as indications. These results could however be used to evaluate further methods on how experiments can be set up to test the possibilities to use mushrooms in raingardens to clean stormwater

Scalable download protocols

Scalable on-demand content delivery systems, designed to effectively handle increasing request rates, typically use service aggregation or content replication techniques. Service aggregation relies on one-to-many communication techniques, such as multicast, to efficiently deliver content from a single sender to multiple receivers. With replication, multiple geographically distributed replicas of the service or content share the load of processing client requests and enable delivery from a nearby server.Previous scalable protocols for downloading large, popular files from a single server include batching and cyclic multicast. Analytic lower bounds developed in this thesis show that neither of these protocols consistently yields performance close to optimal. New hybrid protocols are proposed that achieve within 20% of the optimal delay in homogeneous systems, as well as within 25% of the optimal maximum client delay in all heterogeneous scenarios considered.In systems utilizing both service aggregation and replication, well-designed policies determining which replica serves each request must balance the objectives of achieving high locality of service, and high efficiency of service aggregation. By comparing classes of policies, using both analysis and simulations, this thesis shows that there are significant performance advantages in using current system state information (rather than only proximities and average loads) and in deferring selection decisions when possible. Most of these performance gains can be achieved using only “local” (rather than global) request information.Finally, this thesis proposes adaptations of already proposed peer-assisted download techniques to support a streaming (rather than download) service, enabling playback to begin well before the entire media file is received. These protocols split each file into pieces, which can be downloaded from multiple sources, including other clients downloading the same file. Using simulations, a candidate protocol is presented and evaluated. The protocol includes both a piece selection technique that effectively mediates the conflict between achieving high piece diversity and the in-order requirements of media file playback, as well as a simple on-line rule for deciding when playback can safely commence

The Untold Story of the Clones: Content-agnostic Factors that Impact YouTube Video Popularity

Video dissemination through sites such as YouTube can have widespread impacts on opinions, thoughts, and cultures. Not all videos will reach the same popularity and have the same impact. Popularity differences arise not only because of differences in video content, but also because of other "content-agnostic" factors. The latter factors are of considerable interest but it has been difficult to accurately study them. For example, videos uploaded by users with large social networks may tend to be more popular because they tend to have more interesting content, not because social network size has a substantial direct impact on popularity. In this paper, we develop and apply a methodology that is able to accurately assess, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the impacts of various content-agnostic factors on video popularity. When controlling for video content, we observe a strong linear "rich-get-richer" behavior, with the total number of previous views as the most important factor except for very young videos. The second most important factor is found to be video age. We analyze a number of phenomena that may contribute to rich-get-richer, including the first-mover advantage, and search bias towards popular videos. For young videos we find that factors other than the total number of previous views, such as uploader characteristics and number of keywords, become relatively more important. Our findings also confirm that inaccurate conclusions can be reached when not controlling for content.Comment: Dataset available at: http://www.ida.liu.se/~nikca/papers/kdd12.htm

StyleID: Identity Disentanglement for Anonymizing Faces

Privacy of machine learning models is one of the remaining challenges that hinder the broad adoption of Artificial Intelligent (AI). This paper considers this problem in the context of image datasets containing faces. Anonymization of such datasets is becoming increasingly important due to their central role in the training of autonomous cars, for example, and the vast amount of data generated by surveillance systems. While most prior work de-identifies facial images by modifying identity features in pixel space, we instead project the image onto the latent space of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model, find the features that provide the biggest identity disentanglement, and then manipulate these features in latent space, pixel space, or both. The main contribution of the paper is the design of a feature-preserving anonymization framework, StyleID, which protects the individuals' identity, while preserving as many characteristics of the original faces in the image dataset as possible. As part of the contribution, we present a novel disentanglement metric, three complementing disentanglement methods, and new insights into identity disentanglement. StyleID provides tunable privacy, has low computational complexity, and is shown to outperform current state-of-the-art solutions.Comment: Accepted to Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS), July 2023. Will appear in Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETs), volume 1, 2023. 15 pages including references and appendix, 16 figures, 5 table

Teoretiko-methodical aspects of account of production and realization of products on enterprises

Розглянуто економічну сутність «готової продукції»; визначено, що правильний облік виробництва і реалізації готової продукції – це необхідний елемент управління підприємств різних форм власностіEconomic essence of the «prepared products is considered»; certainly, that a correct account of production and realization of the prepared products is necessary custom of enterprises of different patterns of ownership contro